Ionic bonds Electrons are transferred between two atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which then attract to each other. organelle In cell biology, an _ is one of several structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types. Histology Study of tissues Pathology Is the study of disease Glycogen Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal and human cells. Negative Ion - Occurs when an atom gains an electron (negative charge) it will have more electrons than protons. Positive Ion - Occurs when an atom loses an electron (negative charge) it has more protons than electrons. Ion an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. In turn, molecules combine to form organelles, the internal organs of a cell. ![]() The chemical level includes the tiniest building blocks of matter, atoms, which combine to form molecules, like water. Organism Chemical level is the simplest level within the structural hierarchy. Levels of Structural Hierarchy Chemical level Cytology Cytology is that branch of life science that deals with the study of cells in terms of structure, function and chemistry. In short, it is the human being (or organism) as a whole. It is the sum total of all structural levels working together. Organismal level The organismal level is the highest level of organization. Besides the cardiovascular system, the other organ systems of the body are the integumentary, skeletal, nervous, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. For instance, the heart and blood vessels work together and circulate blood throughout the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to cells. Organ system level One or more organs work in unison to accomplish a common purpose. Each tissue has a characteristic role within the human body which we will discuss later. The four basic tissue types in humans include epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. A tissue must contain two different types of cells. Tissue level Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function. Each type of cells carries out a set of unique tasks within the human body. Individual cells may have some common functions but vary widely in size and shape. Cellular level the cellular level is made up of the smallest unit of living matter, the cell. They are often referred to as intestinal worms even though not all helminths reside in the intestines Organ an organ is a structure composed of at least two different tissue types that perform a specific function within the body. Helminths parasitic worms, are large multicellular organisms, which when mature can generally be seen with the naked eye. Autoimmune disorders A disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy cells. Ex: Fetal alcohol syndrome Carcinogen a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. The classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs. Or a teratogen may halt the pregnancy outright. Teratogens may cause a birth defect in the child. ![]() ![]() Some specializations within each of these sciences follow: Gross (macroscopic) anatomy Teratogen Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. Protons and electrons have opposite electrical charges.What is physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Since a nucleus contains protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. The mass of electrons is very small compared to protons and neutrons. The relative mass of a proton is 1, and a particle with a relative mass smaller than 1 has less mass. Instead of writing their actual masses in kilograms, their relative masses are used. The masses of subatomic particles are very tiny. The nuclei of all atoms contain subatomic particles called protons and most also contain neutrons. most of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. ![]()
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